Cryptography is one of the fundamental elements of information security. Many of the previously described research areas require specific cryptographic primitives and protocols.
For instance, Cloud Computing may greatly benefit from homorphic encryption and secure function evaluation. Privacy solutions may depend on unlinkable credentials and minimum-disclosure proofs. One major theoretical challenge in Secure Engineering is to extend the scope and faithfulness of current approaches for the testing and verification of software. Many of those approaches cannot deal with actual IT systems, but only with idealized and simplified versions. Often it is not known whether (or under which conditions) a proof or test of such an idealized and simplified system carries over to the real world.